It seems that scientists have uncovered the reason why some people are more susceptible to addiction than others. Whether this will prove to be instrumental in fighting addiction depends largely on the ability to seek a cure for this specific type of gene mutation. The downside may be, though, that either way drug-taking may be considered safer!
Literally a case of not being able to say no, at a molecular level!
A new study just published in the journal Molecular Psychiatry by the team led by Salah El Mestikawy, PhD, a researcher at the Douglas Mental Health University Institute (CIUSSS de l'Ouest-de-l'île-de-Montréal), professor at McGill University and head of research at CNRS INSERM UPMC in Paris, opens the field to a new understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying addiction in humans.
This work was accomplished through collaboration with several international research teams. Among these researchers was Stéphane Jamain (CR1 INSERM, Université de Créteil, France), a French geneticist specialised in psychiatric disorders.
The research explained in simple terms:
To communicate with each other, brain cells (neurons) use chemicals known as neurotransmitters (aka first messengers). Among the classical neurotransmitters are dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and glutamate. Until recently, it was believed that a given neuron used only one classical neurotransmitter. Some time ago, Salah El Mestikawy's team contributed to the surprising discovery that subpopulations of neurons are able to use two transmitters. In other words, unlike the vast majority of neurons, these neurons are bilingual. Most neurons in the brain respond with either yes, no or "maybe. El Mestikawy and his colleagues found that in order to regulate our reward behaviours, a small population of neurons in our reward centre are able to respond with both "yes" and "no." These neurons are known as cholinergic neurons, while the reward centre is known as the nucleus accumbens. In this new work, the researchers discovered that when they shut down one of the languages (the "no") of cholinergic neurons within the reward centre, mice showed a marked predilection for cocaine. This work explains the molecular mechanism underlying reward behaviour while identifying an unsuspected target in the treatment of addiction.
Finally and perhaps even more important, the team found that humans with a mutation of a key gene for this co-transmission were 10 times more vulnerable to very severe forms of addiction.
"These discoveries are bringing about a major transformation in the field of addiction. We are beginning to decipher and understand the complex regulation of basic behaviours" says Salah El Mestikawy.
Story Source:
The above post is reprinted from materials provided by Douglas Mental Health University Institute. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
Journal Reference:
D Y Sakae, F Marti, S Lecca, F Vorspan, E Martín-García, L J Morel, A Henrion, J Gutiérrez-Cuesta, A Besnard, N Heck, E Herzog, S Bolte, V F Prado, M A M Prado, F Bellivier, C B Eap, S Crettol, P Vanhoutte, J Caboche, A Gratton, L Moquin, B Giros, R Maldonado, S Daumas, M Mameli, S Jamain, S El Mestikawy. The absence of VGLUT3 predisposes to cocaine abuse by increasing dopamine and glutamate signalling in the nucleus accumbens. Molecular Psychiatry, 2015; DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.104
